Bidding and signals
Expert: with sources and numbers. Plain: the same, without them, for beginners.
What you control (an objective, a target, a budget) and the rule that decides whether the campaign can work at all.
You do not bid on anything specific. You state an objective and a target, and the system does the rest.
The bidding models
Target CPI (tCPI), for install campaigns. You set a target cost per install.
Target CPA (tCPA), for campaigns optimising to an in-app action rather than the install.
Target ROAS (tROAS), for campaigns optimising to revenue. A Achieved return on ad spend can only be assessed if the value of the completed event is known, so the conversion setting for the targeted event must be tracking value from your analytics provider. (Best practices for App campaigns, verified 2026-09-18)
That last point is the common failure: a tROAS campaign with no value passed back is optimising toward a number it cannot see.
The budget rule
A For App campaigns for installs using tCPI, the budget should be at least 50 times the bid. Same source.
This is the single most useful number in the section. A €5 target CPI needs roughly €250 a day. Below that the campaign cannot gather enough conversions to optimise, and it will underperform in a way that looks like a targeting problem and is actually a volume problem.
It also means App campaigns have a minimum viable spend. A small budget spread across several campaigns is worse than one campaign funded properly. And it is a real reason a team may be better served by Apple Ads Basic on iOS than by an underfunded App campaign on Android.
Diagnosing a constrained campaign
A Google’s own diagnostic: if the achieved CPI or CPA is closely tracking or intermittently exceeding the set target, or if tROAS is consistently higher than achieved ROAS, the campaign is bid-constrained. Same source.
Bid-constrained means the target is too tight for the auction, so the system cannot buy volume without breaching it. The fix is raising the target or accepting the volume. Not adding assets or restructuring.
The signals you actually control
There is no keyword list, so influence comes from elsewhere:
Conversion events. What you tell Google to optimise for. An install-optimised campaign and a purchase-optimised campaign buy different users. This is the highest-leverage decision in the whole section.
Conversion value. Required for tROAS, and it must come back from your analytics.
Assets. The creative signal (95-01).
Your Play listing. App campaigns send traffic to the Play listing, so A everything that governs Play conversion applies. And with custom store listings, the landing page becomes a choice (95-03).
Targets and budget. The objective and the constraint.
What goes wrong
Underfunding relative to the target. Budget should be at least 50× the bid.
tROAS with no value tracking. Optimising toward an invisible number.
Treating a bid-constrained campaign as a creative problem. Google names the diagnostic.
Splitting a small budget across many campaigns. Each learns nothing.
Optimising to installs and expecting quality users. You get what you asked for.
In short
Every fact on this page in one line, with its evidence tier, source and verification date, 2 A. Generated from the claim register, so it cannot drift from the page above.
You don't bid on anything specific here at all. You state a goal and a target, and the centre's own system handles everything else.
The goals you can actually set
A target cost per install. For an order purely aimed at getting new people to install the shop.
A target cost per action. For an order optimising toward something someone does inside the shop, rather than the install itself.
A target return on spend. For an order optimising toward actual revenue. This can only genuinely be assessed if the value of that action is actually known, so whatever you're optimising toward has to be passing real value back from your own analytics.
That last point is the common failure: an order aimed at return on spend, with no real value ever passed back, is optimising toward a number it literally cannot see.
The budget rule
For an install-focused order using a target cost per install, your daily budget should be at least around fifty times that target.
This is the single most useful number in this whole section. A modest target cost per install needs a genuinely large daily budget behind it. Below that, the order simply can't gather enough actual results to learn from, and it will underperform in a way that looks like a targeting problem but is really just a volume problem.
It also means this kind of advertisement has a genuine minimum viable spend. A small budget spread thinly across several orders performs worse than one order properly funded. And that's a real, legitimate reason a team might be better served by the simpler pay-per-install billboard on the other centre than by an underfunded order here.
Diagnosing a constrained order
The centre's own diagnostic: if your actual achieved cost is closely tracking or occasionally exceeding your stated target, or if your target return is consistently higher than what you're actually achieving, the order is constrained by its own target.
Being constrained like this means your target is simply too tight for the real auction, so the system can't buy any real volume without breaching it. The fix is raising the target, or accepting less volume. Not adding more material, and not restructuring anything.
The signals you actually control
There's no list of words here, so your real influence comes from elsewhere entirely:
What counts as a real conversion. What you tell the system to actually optimise toward. An order optimised purely toward installs and one optimised toward an actual purchase buy you two genuinely different kinds of visitor. This is the single highest-leverage decision in this whole area.
The value of a conversion. Required for a return-on-spend goal, and it genuinely has to come back from your own analytics.
Your actual raw material. The creative signal covered on its own page.
Your own shop listing. This kind of advertisement sends traffic straight to your regular listing, so everything that governs how well that listing converts applies here too. And with a specially-targeted listing, the landing page itself becomes a real choice you make.
Your targets and your budget. The goal, and the real constraint around it.
What tends to go wrong
Underfunding relative to your own target. Your budget should be at least around fifty times your target.
A return-on-spend goal with no real value tracking. Optimising toward a number the system can't actually see.
Treating a target-constrained order as a creative problem. The centre names this exact diagnostic itself.
Splitting a small budget thinly across many orders. Each one learns almost nothing.
Optimising purely toward installs and then expecting genuinely high-quality visitors. You get exactly what you asked for.